355 lines
5.0 KiB
Markdown
355 lines
5.0 KiB
Markdown
# TSL 基础语法完整版
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> 本文档是 `$tsl-guide` 的子文档，聚焦基础语法。代码风格与命名规范请见 `docs/tsl/code_style.md` 与 `docs/tsl/naming.md`。
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## 目录
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- [语言元素与注释](#语言元素与注释)
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- [变量与常量](#变量与常量)
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- [数据类型与字面量](#数据类型与字面量)
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- [数组与表数组](#数组与表数组)
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- [运算符与表达式](#运算符与表达式)
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- [函数](#函数)
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- [控制流](#控制流)
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- [异常处理](#异常处理)
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- [调试与性能相关语句](#调试与性能相关语句)
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---
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## 语言元素与注释
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### 标识符与关键字
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- 关键字为保留字（完整列表见 `docs/tsl/syntax_book/01_language_basics.md`）
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- 标识符用于变量、函数、类、unit 等命名
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### 注释
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```tsl
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// 行注释
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{ 块注释 }
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/* 另一种块注释 */
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```
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### 编译选项（语法级）
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```tsl
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{$Explicit+} // 要求变量先声明再使用
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{$Explicit-} // 关闭显式声明
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{$VarByRef-} // 默认参数按值传递（可用 in/var/out 覆盖）
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```
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---
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## 变量与常量
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### 赋值
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```tsl
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A := 1;
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B := 2.5;
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S := "hello";
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```
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### 常量
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```tsl
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Const PI = 3.14159;
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Const MaxRetry = 3;
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```
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### 显式变量声明（配合 `{$Explicit+}`）
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```tsl
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{$Explicit+}
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Var A,B; // 多变量声明
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Var C := 10; // 声明并初始化
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Var D:Integer; // 类型可写可省（类型信息不做强校验）
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```
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---
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## 数据类型与字面量
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常见类型（参考 `01_language_basics.md`）：
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| 类型 | 说明 |
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|------|------|
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| Integer / Int64 | 整数 |
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| Real | 浮点数 |
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| Boolean | 布尔值（true/false） |
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| TDateTime | 日期时间 |
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| String | 字符串 |
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| Binary | 二进制 |
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| Array | 数组 |
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| Matrix / TMatrix | 矩阵 |
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| NIL | 空值 |
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示例：
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```tsl
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I := 42;
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R := 3.14;
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B := true;
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T := Date();
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S := 'hello';
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N := nil;
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```
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字符串支持单引号或双引号，索引访问从 0 开始：
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```tsl
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S := "ABC";
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Ch := S[0];
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```
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---
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## 数组与表数组
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### 一维数组（0-based）
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```tsl
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Arr := array(2,3,5,7,11);
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First := Arr[0];
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```
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### 字符串下标（表数组）
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```tsl
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Row := array("Code":"0001","Price":12.3);
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Code := Row["Code"];
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```
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### 多维数组
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```tsl
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Mat := array((1,2,3),(4,5,6));
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Value := Mat[0][1];
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```
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---
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## 运算符与表达式
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### 常用运算符
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- 赋值：`:=`, `+=`, `-=`, `*=`, `/=`
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- 算术：`+ - * / div mod ^`
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- 关系：`= <> < > <= >= like in`
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- 逻辑：`and or not`
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- 三目：`cond ? a : b`
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示例：
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```tsl
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C := A + B;
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Ok := (A = B) or (A > 0);
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X := (A > B) ? A : B;
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```
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矩阵/数组相关的 `.=`、`.<` 等算符在扩展语法中说明（见 `06_extended_syntax.md`）。
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完整运算符清单见 `01_language_basics.md`。
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---
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## 函数
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### 基本结构
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```tsl
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Function HelloTSL();
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Begin
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D := Date();
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Return DateToStr(D);
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End;
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```
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### 形参与实参（in/const/var/out）
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```tsl
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Function Calc(in a, var b, out c);
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Begin
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b := b + a;
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c := b * 2;
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Return c;
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End;
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```
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### 缺省参数（新一代语法）
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```tsl
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Function Foo(a,b=a+1);
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Begin
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Return b;
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End;
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```
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### 命名参数（新一代语法）
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```tsl
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Function FuncA(a,b,c);
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Begin
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Return array(a,b,c);
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End;
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Result := FuncA(1, c:3); // b 默认为 nil
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```
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### 变参（`...`）与 Params
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```tsl
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Function SumAll(...);
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Begin
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Total := 0;
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For i,v in Params do
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Total := Total + v;
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Return Total;
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End;
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```
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相关内置：`Params`, `ParamCount`, `RealParamCount`。
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### 返回与退出
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```tsl
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Return X; // 返回
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Exit; // 退出函数
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```
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### 外部函数声明（external）
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```tsl
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Function GetTickCount():Integer; stdcall; external "kernel32.dll" name "GetTickCount" KeepResident;
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```
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更多外部接口与调用方式见 `03_functions.md`。
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---
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## 控制流
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### if / else if
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```tsl
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If x>0 then
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y := 1
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else if x=0 then
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y := 0
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else
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y := -1;
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```
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### if 表达式（新一代语法）
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```tsl
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Ret := if x>0 then x*x else 0;
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```
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### case
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```tsl
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Case Age Of
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0: Writeln("Baby");
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1: Writeln("Toddler");
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else
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Writeln("Other");
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End;
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```
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### while / repeat
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```tsl
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While cond do
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DoSomething();
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Repeat
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DoSomething();
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Until cond;
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```
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### for（to / downto / step）
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```tsl
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For i := 1 to 10 do
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Sum := Sum + i;
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For i := 10 downto 1 step 2 do
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Sum := Sum + i;
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```
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### for ... in（数组遍历）
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```tsl
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Data := array('a':1,'b':5,'c':3);
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Sum := 0;
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For k,v in Data do
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Sum := Sum + v;
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```
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### break / continue / goto
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```tsl
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While cond do
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Begin
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If stop then Break;
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If skip then Continue;
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// ...
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End;
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Goto Finded;
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label Finded;
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Writeln("jumped");
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```
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---
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## 异常处理
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### Try / Except
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```tsl
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Try
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V := StrToInt(S);
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Except
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V := 0;
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Writeln(ExceptObject.ErrInfo);
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End;
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```
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### Try / Finally
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```tsl
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Try
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DoWork();
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Finally
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Cleanup();
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End;
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```
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### Raise
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```tsl
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If A < 0 then Raise "A 不能小于 0";
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```
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异常信息可通过 `ExceptObject.ErrInfo/ErrLine/ErrNo` 获取。
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---
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## 调试与性能相关语句
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```tsl
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DebugReturn 1;
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```
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```tsl
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T1 := MTIC;
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// ...
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Elapsed := MTOC(T1);
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```
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更多调试/性能语法见 `02_control_flow.md` 与 `07_debug_and_profiler.md`。
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