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tsl-devkit/docs/tsl/syntax/05_variables_and_constants.md
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25d895d 🐛 fix(gitea_workflow): clean up temp repos after job steps
2bc3b11 🐛 fix(gitea_workflow): clean up temporary repo dirs in workflows
98c3f30 📝 docs(agent_rules): allow plan execution on current branch
16c7230 📝 docs(prompts): define custom verify layering
8efc4dd 🐛 fix(skills): quote commit-message description
bc8498f 🐛 fix(ci): install tomli for gitea tests
55cda3b 🐛 fix(tests): report missing toml parser clearly
c0729c7 🐛 fix(playbook): import Optional for cli compatibility
63e24bf 📦 deps(skills): sync thirdparty skills
d2f9356 🐛 fix(ci): isolate gitea workflow repos
588b81d 🐛 fix(ci): inline gitea workflow bootstrap
e0b1c3a ♻️ refactor(skills): standardize first-party skill contracts
2c5050d ♻️ refactor(skills): rename repo skills source dir
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234b335  feat(workflow): add superpowers planning and execution state tracking
c1702a6 📝 docs(markdown): format tracked markdown and drop stale templates
2325409 📝 docs(markdown): clarify optional markdownlint usage
214c44e 🔧 chore(markdown): add markdownlint baseline and lint fixes
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223a797 📝 docs(templates): update README for Claude Code and current features
4ac8672 📝 docs: simplify README + platform-agnostic tools + auto-create local rules
2431c9d 📝 docs: add claude_md config and use cross-platform paths
d64b248 📝 docs: fix README.md inaccuracies and add Claude Code info
c8d6bf2 🐛 fix(playbook): use relative paths in CLAUDE.md when not at project root
6518f0f  feat(playbook): auto-create CLAUDE.md with path discovery
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9f8b6b5 📝 docs: update README and config example for Claude Code support
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e1dbf3c 🐛 fix(skills): remove dual-path from commit-message skill
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b3df412 ♻️ refactor(skills): separate thirdparty skills into thirdparty/ subdirectory
64950e7 📦 deps(skills): sync thirdparty skills
a2e3cb0  feat(playbook): add no_backup deploy controls
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9df610a 🐛 fix(thirdparty): exclude duplicated superpowers skills
33dd5bb 🐛 fix(thirdparty): preserve optional manifest fields
91b0ea7 🐛 fix(thirdparty): preserve manifest during snapshot update
2e26f98 🔧 chore(thirdparty): generalize skills sync pipeline
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Variables And Constants

文档类型:语法主线 是否可直接用于生成代码:是 是否含已验证可执行示例:是 是否含已验证反例:是 遇到不确定时跳转到:04_values_and_literals.md06_functions_and_calls.md12_pitfalls.md

手册位置:第 5 篇,共 32 篇。上一篇:04_values_and_literals.md。下一篇:06_functions_and_calls.md

这一篇收拢变量、常量与两种常量写法。

这一篇解决什么问题

回答“普通变量怎样直接使用、var 在什么位置出现、常量有哪些基本写法、哪些名字一旦绑定就不能再赋值”。

必须记住的规则

  • 默认变量模型是“直接赋值即得到变量”,不要求先写 var
  • 例如:a := 1; b := array(1, 2, 3); 这种写法已验证可直接编译。
  • var name; 目前只能当成一种显式声明写法,不能当成默认必需步骤。
  • const Name = value;const name := value; 不能当成完全等价的两种写法。
  • 已验证:
    • const Name = value; 适合函数内部 const 段、unit 接口常量、类成员常量。
    • const name := value; 适合顶层直接写的常量,单独成段也能编译。
  • 当前已验证:函数内部 const = expr、以及松散脚本顶层的 const = expr / const := expr,都可以把右侧写成常量表达式。
  • 这两种常量在当前解释器里都不能再次赋值。
  • 当前解释器接受多参数赋值:[a, b] := array(...)
  • 左侧只有一个变量时,末尾逗号不能省略,必须写成 [a, ] := array(...)
  • 当左侧变量数大于右侧数组长度时,多出的变量会得到 nil
  • 右侧数组元素也可以是数组;拆出来的变量会直接得到对应子数组。
  • 多参数赋值也可以出现在函数调用参数里。
  • 截至 2026-04-15 的最小验证里,{$Explicit+} 开启后,后续变量必须先用 var 声明;未声明变量会报 variable not defined

已验证语法

默认变量模型:

代码块身份:已验证可执行示例

a := 1;
b := array(1, 2, 3);

显式 var 写法:

代码块身份:已验证可执行示例

var a;
a := 1;

{$Explicit+} 下的显式声明:

代码块身份:已验证可执行示例

program test;
begin
{$Explicit+}
    var a;
    a := 1;
    WriteLn(a);
end.

顶层最稳的常量写法:

代码块身份:已验证可执行示例

const value := 1;

顶层 const := 也可以写常量表达式:

代码块身份:已验证可执行示例

const value := 1 + 2 * 3;
WriteLn(value);

函数内部 const 段:

代码块身份:已验证可执行示例

function Demo();
const MaxRetries = 1 + 2 * 3;
begin
    return MaxRetries;
end;

unit 接口常量:

代码块身份:已验证可执行示例

unit DemoUnit;
interface
const value = 1;
function GetValue();
implementation
function GetValue();
begin
    return value;
end;
end.

类成员常量:

代码块身份:已验证可执行示例

type DemoType = class
    const value = 1;
end;

顶层 const = 只有在“后面继续接可执行语句”的脚本模型里才已验证成立:

代码块身份:已验证可执行示例

const MaxRetries = 3 + 4;
value := MaxRetries;

代码块身份:已验证可执行示例

var a;
a := 1;

多参数赋值:

代码块身份:已验证可执行示例

[r1, r2] := array(1, 3, 5, 7, 9);
WriteLn(r1);
WriteLn(r2);

已验证运行结果:

  • 依次输出 13

单变量拆包时,末尾逗号不能省略:

代码块身份:已验证可执行示例

[re, ] := array(1, 2, 3, 4);
WriteLn(re);

已验证运行结果:

  • 输出 1

左侧变量比右侧数组更长时,多出的变量为 nil

代码块身份:已验证可执行示例

[r1, r2] := array(1);
WriteLn(r1);
WriteLn(r2 = nil);

已验证运行结果:

  • r1 输出 1
  • r2 = nil 输出 1

右侧元素也可以是数组:

代码块身份:已验证可执行示例

[r1, r2] := array((1, 2), (3, 4));
WriteLn(r1[0]);
WriteLn(r1[1]);
WriteLn(r2[0]);
WriteLn(r2[1]);

已验证运行结果:

  • 依次输出 1234

函数返回数组后也可以直接拆包:

代码块身份:已验证可执行示例

program test;
function PairAdd(a, b);
begin
    return array(0, a + b);
end;
begin
    [error, re] := PairAdd(3, 4);
    WriteLn(error);
    WriteLn(re);
end.

已验证运行结果:

  • 依次输出 07

函数参数里也可以使用多参数赋值:

代码块身份:已验证可执行示例

program test;
function Test(a, b, c);
begin
    return a + b + c;
end;
begin
    WriteLn(Test(e := 3, [f, g] := array(1, 2), g));
end.

已验证运行结果:

  • 输出 6

最小可编译示例

如果你只是想先落一个可续写的普通变量和顶层常量骨架,用下面这组:

代码块身份:已验证可执行示例

const MaxRetries := 3;
counter := MaxRetries;
items := array(1, 2, 3);

常见误写

  • 以为普通变量必须先写 var 才能使用。
  • 以为 const =const := 只是初始化方式不同,可以在任何上下文里互换。
  • 以为 const = 顶层单独写一行就一定成立。
  • 以为单变量拆包可以写成 [a] := array(...)
  • 以为 {$Explicit+} 开启后仍然可以继续直接写未声明变量。

代码块身份:反例 / 不可照写

const value := 1;
value := 2;

上面这类写法会编译失败,报错点在重新赋值这一行。

代码块身份:反例 / 不可照写

const value = 1;

上面这类“顶层单独一行”的 const = 在当前解释器里也会编译失败。

代码块身份:反例 / 不可照写

[re] := array(1, 2, 3);

上面这种单变量拆包写法在当前解释器里会报 left side can not be assign to。单变量时必须写成 [re, ] := ...

代码块身份:反例 / 不可照写

program test;
begin
{$Explicit+}
    a := 1;
end.

上面这类写法在当前解释器里会编译失败,主因是 variable not defined

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