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tsl-devkit/docs/tsl/syntax/25_set_operations.md
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c8d6bf2 🐛 fix(playbook): use relative paths in CLAUDE.md when not at project root
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Markdown

# Set Operations
文档类型:语法主线
是否可直接用于生成代码:是
是否含已验证可执行示例:是
是否含已验证反例:是
遇到不确定时跳转到:[14_resultset_and_filters.md](14_resultset_and_filters.md)、[13_matrix_and_collections.md](13_matrix_and_collections.md)、[12_pitfalls.md](12_pitfalls.md)
手册位置:第 25 篇,共 32 篇。上一篇:[24_builtin_runtime_objects.md](24_builtin_runtime_objects.md)。下一篇:[26_matrix_deep_dive.md](26_matrix_deep_dive.md)。
这一篇只讲集合运算本身:`in``sqlin``union2``intersect``minus``outersect`。它和 [14_resultset_and_filters.md](14_resultset_and_filters.md) 的分工很明确: 这一篇讲“去重后的集合关系”,过滤页讲“按原结果集逐行保留或排除”。
## 这一篇解决什么问题
回答“某个元素是否在数组里、某组元素是否构成子集、某一行是否存在于结果集中,以及两个结果集如何做并集、交集、差集和对称差集”。
## 必须记住的规则
- `in` / `not in` 处理的是元素存在关系,以及左侧为数组时的子集关系。
- `sqlin` / `not sqlin` 处理的是行存在关系;左侧要当成一整行去匹配右侧结果集。
- `union2``intersect``minus``outersect` 都按“行”运算,而不是按单元格逐个运算。
- 当前解释器支持 `not in``not sqlin` 这种否定写法。
- 集合运算结果会折叠重复行;如果需求是保留重复记录,不要用这一篇的算符,改看 [14_resultset_and_filters.md](14_resultset_and_filters.md)。
- 当数据本身就是一维数组时,按行集合运算和按元素集合运算是一致的。
## 已验证语法
### `in` 与 `not in`
`in` 既可以判断单个元素是否存在,也可以判断左侧数组是否是右侧结果集的子集:
代码块身份:已验证可执行示例
```tsl
program test;
begin
WriteLn(1 in array(1, 2, 2));
WriteLn(1 in array(0, 2));
WriteLn(1 in array((1), (2)));
WriteLn(array(1, 2) in array(1, 2, 3, 4));
WriteLn(array(1, 3) in array((1, 2), (3, 4)));
WriteLn(array(1, 2) in array(1));
WriteLn(1 not in array(0, 2));
end.
```
已验证运行结果:
- `1 in array(1, 2, 2)` 输出 `1`
- `1 in array(0, 2)` 输出 `0`
- `1 in array((1), (2))` 输出 `1`
- `array(1, 2) in array(1, 2, 3, 4)` 输出 `1`
- `array(1, 3) in array((1, 2), (3, 4))` 输出 `1`
- `array(1, 2) in array(1)` 输出 `0`
- `1 not in array(0, 2)` 输出 `1`
### `sqlin` 与 `not sqlin`
`sqlin` 改成按整行判断左侧是否存在于右侧结果集中:
代码块身份:已验证可执行示例
```tsl
program test;
begin
WriteLn(1 sqlin array(1, 2));
WriteLn(array(1, 2) sqlin array(1, 2, 3));
WriteLn(array(1, 2) sqlin array((1, 2), (3, 4)));
WriteLn(array(5, 6) not sqlin array((1, 2), (3, 4)));
end.
```
已验证运行结果:
- `1 sqlin array(1, 2)` 输出 `1`
- `array(1, 2) sqlin array(1, 2, 3)` 输出 `0`
- `array(1, 2) sqlin array((1, 2), (3, 4))` 输出 `1`
- `array(5, 6) not sqlin array((1, 2), (3, 4))` 输出 `1`
可以把两者的差异直接记成一句话:
- `in` 看元素或子集
- `sqlin` 看整行
### 行集合的并、交、差、对称差
下面这组最小例子同时验证了“按行运算”和“结果会折叠重复行”:
代码块身份:已验证可执行示例
```tsl
program test;
begin
A := array((1, 2), (1, 2), (2, 3));
B := array((1, 2), (3, 4));
U := A union2 B;
I := A intersect B;
M := A minus B;
O := A outersect B;
end.
```
已验证运行结果:
- `A union2 B` 共有三行:`(1,2)``(2,3)``(3,4)`
- `A intersect B` 只有一行:`(1,2)`
- `A minus B` 只有一行:`(2,3)`
- `A outersect B` 有两行:`(2,3)``(3,4)`
- `A` 原本有两行相同的 `(1,2)`,但 `union2` / `intersect` 的结果都只保留一份,说明集合运算会折叠重复行
如果你需要看更大的四列结果集例子,当前解释器下也已经实测过:
- `array((1,2,3,4),(2,3,4,5),(1,1,1,1)) union2 array((1,2,3,4),(3,4,5,6),(2,2,2,2))`
返回 `array((1,2,3,4),(2,3,4,5),(1,1,1,1),(3,4,5,6),(2,2,2,2))`
- 同一组输入下:
`intersect` 返回 `array((1,2,3,4))`
- 同一组输入下:
`minus` 返回 `array((2,3,4,5),(1,1,1,1))`
- 同一组输入下:
`outersect` 返回 `array((2,3,4,5),(1,1,1,1),(3,4,5,6),(2,2,2,2))`
## 和过滤运算的区别
- 集合运算先把数据当成“行集合”来看,再做包含、并交差。
- 过滤运算先保留“原结果集里的每一条命中记录”;因此重复行会保留下来。
- 你要的是“集合关系”,看这一篇。
- 你要的是“从原表里筛出哪些行”,看 [14_resultset_and_filters.md](14_resultset_and_filters.md)。
## 最小可编译示例
如果你只想先记住最短写法,从这里开始:
代码块身份:已验证可执行示例
```tsl
Matched := 1 in array(1, 2, 3);
```
## 常见误写
-`in``sqlin` 当成同一个概念。
- 期待 `union2` 保留重复行。
- 用集合运算去做“保留原始重复记录”的过滤任务。
- 把二维结果集默认当成“按元素逐个比较”的集合运算。
代码块身份:反例 / 不可照写
```text
Matched := array(1, 2) in array((1, 2), (3, 4));
```
上面这类写法不要直接理解成“左边这一整行是否存在于右边”。当前手册里,整行存在判断统一写成 `sqlin`,避免把 `in` 的子集语义和行匹配语义混在一起。
代码块身份:反例 / 不可照写
```text
OnlyLeft := A minus B;
```
如果你的任务要求保留 `A` 里重复出现的命中次数,上面这种集合差集就不是合适工具,因为它会把结果当成集合而不是原始记录流。
## 跳转指引
- 回看表达式和逻辑运算:见 [07_expressions_and_operators.md](07_expressions_and_operators.md)
- 看数组、嵌套数组和子矩阵:见 [13_matrix_and_collections.md](13_matrix_and_collections.md)
- 看结果集过滤:见 [14_resultset_and_filters.md](14_resultset_and_filters.md)
- 进入矩阵深水专题:见 [26_matrix_deep_dive.md](26_matrix_deep_dive.md)